BMW Wheel Alignment The chassis is development of frame which consists of a frame and other internal supporting structure

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Table of Contents

Suspension Systems

Purpose of the System ........................................................................ 3

Basic Suspension Geometry ............................................................... 4

Caster ...................................................................................................4

Camber .................................................................................................5

Toe ........................................................................................................6

Steering Roll Radius ..............................................................................7

Steering Axis Inclination ....................................................................... .8

Toe-out on Turns ...................................................................................9

Geometric Axis .....................................................................................10

Suspension Systems ............................................................................11

Single Joint Front Suspension ............................................................ ..11

Double Pivot Front Suspension ............................................................ 14

Rear Suspension Systems .................................................................. 16

Semi-Trailing Arm ..................................................................................17

Semi-Trailing Arm with “Track Link” .......................................................18

Central “C” Link ....................................................................................19

Multi-Link Suspensions .........................................................................22

Alignment Procedures ........................................................................ 28

Vehicle Inspection .................................................................................29

Ride Height Measurement ..................................................... ...............30

Identification of Suspension ..................................................................32

Vehicle Loading ............................................................................ ........34

Alignment Specifications .......................................................................36

Alignment Checklist ..............................................................................38

Alignment Worksheets ..........................................................................39

Review Questions .................................................................................40